Taxation of Royalties Attributable to a Third State Permanent Establishment

"When royalties cross borders and Third State PEs enter the scene, who really gets the right to collect tax ?"

Taxing royalty income in cross border transactions is already intricate, but throw in a third State Permanent Establishment (PE) to which such royalties are attributable, and you’ve got a real tax maze. Let’s decode the situation with an example to clarify the rules, roles, and revenue-sharing of taxation.

1. The Scenario

Imagine Company F1, a tax resident of State S, paying royalties to SCO, a resident of State R. Normally, if SCO is the beneficial owner of the royalties, State R (the residence state) gets the exclusive right to tax.

But here’s the twist:


Company F1 has a PE in a third state (Third State), and the royalties are attributable to this PE. What happens now?

2. Royalties Attributable to the PE

The tax rules get interesting when royalties are linked to a PE in third State :

  • The use of intangibles or assets tied to the royalty payment happens within the PE in Third State .

  • This shifts the origin of the royalty income from State R to Third State, effectively excluding State R from taxing rights.

3. Impact on Tax Rights

  • State R (Source State): Loses the right to tax because the royalties are not considered to "arise" there.

  • State S (Residence State): May also lose exclusive taxing rights due to the involvement of PE in Third State.

  • Third State (PE State) : Steps in as the state where the income is attributed and can tax accordingly.

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4. The Practical Takeaway

This arrangement demonstrates how the presence of a PE in a Third State redistributes taxing rights. It emphasizes the importance of:

  • Treaty Analysis: Reviewing the tax treaties among the states involved.

  • Attribution Rules: Ensuring accurate allocation of income to the PE.

  • Compliance: Navigating overlapping claims with clarity to avoid double taxation or disputes.

5. Why It Matters

For multinational corporations, this scenario underscores the need for meticulous planning, especially in transfer pricing and cross-border royalty arrangements. Missteps could lead to tax disputes, penalties, or even double taxation—a costly outcome for any business.


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